281 Cranes and Material Handling
281.01 Scope
281.02 Definitions Applicable to this Section
281.03 General Requirements
281.04 Rigging
281.05 Hoisting Equipment
281.06 Inspection and Maintenance of Cranes
281.07 Operation of Cranes and Handling of Loads
281.08 Chain and Electric Hoists
281.09 Air Hoists
281.10 Truck and Crawler Cranes
281.11 Derricks and A-Frames
281.12 Helicopter Hoisting Operations

281. CRANES. (7-1-97)

01. Scope: (7-1-97)

a. Crane operations and material handling shall conform to all other applicable requirements of this standard, as well as the following provisions. Nothing in this standard shall be construed to prohibit better or otherwise safer conditions than specified herein. (7-1-97)

02. Definitions: For definitions of other terms used in this section, see sub-section 010 of this standard. (7-1-97)

a. Accessory is a secondary part or assembly of parts which contributes to the overall function and usefulness of a machine. (7-1-97)

b. A-Frame Derrick is a derrick in which the boom is hinged from a cross member between the bottom ends of two (2) upright members spread apart at the lower ends and joined at the top; the boom point secured to the junction of the side members, and the side members are braced or guyed from this junction point. (See Figure 281.2-A.) (7-1-97)

FIGURE 281.02-A

c. Angle Indicator (boom) is an accessory which measures the angle of the crane boom to the horizontal. (7-1-97)

d. Angle of Loading is the inclination of a leg or branch of a sling measured from the horizontal or vertical plane as shown in Figure 281.02-B, provided that an angle of loading of five (5) degrees or less from the vertical may be considered a vertical angle of loading. (7-1-97)

FIGURE 281.02-B

e. Automatic Crane is a crane which when activated operates through a preset cycle or cycles. (7-1-97)

f. Auxiliary Hoist is a supplemental hoisting unit of lighter capacity and usually of a higher speed than provided for the main hoist. (7-1-97)

g. Axis of Rotation is the vertical axis around which the crane superstructure rotates. (7-1-97)

h. Axle is the shaft or spindle with which or about which a wheel rotates. On truck- and wheel- mounted cranes, it refers to an automotive type of axle assembly including housings, gearing, differential, bearings, and mounting appurtenances. (7-1-97)

i. Axle (Bogie) is two (2) or more automotive-type axles mounted in tandem in a frame so as to divide the load between the axles and permit vertical oscillation of the wheels. (7-1-97)

j. Base (mounting) is the traveling base or carrier on which the rotating superstructure is mounted such as a car, truck, crawlers, or wheel platform. (7-1-97)

k. Basket Hitch is a sling configuration whereby the sling is passed under the load and has both ends, end attachments, eyes or handles on the hook or a single master link. (7-1-97)

l. Boom (crane) is a member hinged to the front of the rotating superstructure with the outer end supported by ropes leading to a gantry of A frame and used for supporting the hoisting tackle. (7-1-97)

m. Boom (derrick) is a timber or metal section or strut, pivoted or hinged at the heel (lower end) at a location fixed in height on a frame or mast or vertical member, and with its point (upper end) supported by chains, ropes, or rods to the upper end of the frame mast, or vertical member. A rope for raising and lowering the load is reeved through sheaves or a block at the boom point. The length of the boom shall be taken as the straight line distance between the axis of the foot pin and the axis of the boom point sheave pin, or where used, the axis of the upper load block attachment pin. (7-1-97)

n. Boom Angle is the angle between the longitudinal centerline of the boom and the horizontal. The boom longitudinal centerline is a straight line between the boom foot pin (heel pin) centerline and boom point sheave pin centerline. (7-1-97)

o. Boom Harness is the block and sheave arrangement on the boom point to which the topping lift cable is reeved for lowering and raising the boom. (7-1-97)

p. Boom Hoist is a hoist drum and rope reeving system used to raise and lower the boom. The rope system may be all live reeving or a combination of live reeving and pendants. (7-1-97)

q. Boom Point is the outward end of the top section of the boom. (7-1-97)

r. Boom Stop is a device used to limit the angle of the boom at the highest position. (7-1-97)

s. Brake is a device used for retarding or stopping motion by friction or power means. (7-1-97)

t. Braided Wire Rope is a wire rope formed by plaiting component wire ropes. (7-1-97)

u. Breast Derrick is a derrick without boom. The mast consists of two (2) side members spread farther apart at the base than at the top and tied together at top and bottom by rigid members. The mast is prevented from tipping forward by guys connected to its top. The load is raised and lowered by ropes through a sheave or block secured to the top crosspiece. (See Figure 281.02-C.) (7-1-97)

FIGURE 281.02-C

v. Bridge is that part of a crane consisting of girders, trucks, end ties, foot walks, and drive mechanism which carries the trolley or trollies. (7-1-97)

w. Bridge Travel is the crane movement in a direction parallel to the crane runway. (7-1-97)

x. Bridle Wire Rope Sling is a sling composed of multiple wire rope legs with the top ends gathered in a fitting that goes over the lifting hook. (7-1-97)

y. Bumper (Buffer) is an energy absorbing device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel; or when two (2) moving cranes or trolleys come in contact. (7-1-97)

z. Cab is the operator's compartment on a crane. (7-1-97)

aa. Cab-Operated Crane is a crane controlled by an operator in a cab located on the bridge or trolley. (7-1-97)

bb. Cable Laid Endless Sling Mechanical Joint is a wire rope sling made end-less by joining the ends of a single length of cable laid rope with one or more metallic fittings. (7-1-97)

cc. Cable Laid Grommet-Hand Tucked is an endless wire rope sling made from one length of rope wrapped six (6) times around a core formed by hand tucking the ends of the rope inside the six wraps. (7-1-97)

dd. Cable Laid Rope is a wire rope composed of six (6) wire ropes wrapped around a fiber or wire rope core. (7-1-97)

ee. Cable Laid Rope Sling-Mechanical Joint is a wire rope sling made from a cable laid rope with eyes fabricated by pressing or swagging one (1) or more metal sleeves over the rope junction. (7-1-97)

ff. Cantilever Gantry Crane is a gantry or semi-gantry crane in which the bridge girders or trusses extend transversely beyond the crane runway on one (1) or both sides. (7-1-97)

gg. Choker Hitch is a sling configuration with one end of the sling passing under the load and through an end attachment, handle or eye on the other end of the sling. (7-1-97)

hh. Clearance is the distance from any part of the crane to a point of the nearest obstruction. (7-1-97)

ii. Clutch is a fraction, electromagnetic, hydraulic, pneumatic, or positive mechanical device for engagement or disengagement of power. (7-1-97)

jj. Coating is an elastomer or other suitable material applied to a sling or to a sling component to impart desirable properties. (7-1-97)

kk. Collectors (current) are contacting devices for collecting current from runways or bridge conductors. (7-1-97)

ll. Conductors, Bridge, are the electrical conductors located along the bridge structure of a crane to provide power to the trolley. (7-1-97)

mm. Conductors, Runway (main), are the electrical conductors located along a crane runway to provide power to the crane. (7-1-97)

nn. Control Braking is a method of controlling crane motor speed when in an overhauling condition. (7-1-97)

oo. Controller, Spring Return, is a controller which when released will return automatically to a neutral position. (7-1-97)

pp. Counter Torque is a method of control by which the power to the motor is reversed to develop torque in the opposite direction. (7-1-97)

qq. Counterweight is a weight used to supplement the weight of the machine in providing stability for lifting working loads. (7-1-97)

rr. Crane is a machine for lifting and lowering a load and moving it horizontally, with the hoisting mechanism an integral part of the machine. Cranes whether fixed or mobile are driven manually or by power. (7-1-97)

ss. Crawler Crane consists of a rotating superstructure with power plant, operating machinery, and boom, mounted on a base, equipped with crawler treads for travel. Its function is to hoist and swing loads at various radii. (7-1-97)

tt. Cross Rod is a wire used to join spirals of metal mesh to form a complete fabric. (See Figure 281.02-D). (7-1-97)

FIGURE 281.02-D

head by guys or braces, with or without a boom, for use with a hoisting mechanism and operating ropes. (7-1-97)

uu. Derrick Bullwheel is a horizontal ring or wheel, fastened to the foot of a derrick, for the purpose of turning the derrick by means of ropes leading from this wheel to a powered drum. (7-1-97)

xx. Drag Brake is a brake which provides retarding force without external control. (7-1-97)

yy. Drift Point is a point on a travel motion controller which releases the brake while the motor is not energized. This allows for coasting before the brake is set. (7-1-97)

zz. Drum is the cylindrical member around which the ropes are wound for raising or lowering the load. (7-1-97)

aaa. Dynamic is a method of controlling crane motor speeds when in the overhauling condition to provide a retarding force. (7-1-97)

bbb. Dynamic (loading) is loads introduced into the machine or its components by forces in motion. (7-1-97)

ccc. Emergency Stop Switch is a manually or automatically operated electric switch to cut off electric power independently of the regular operating controls. (7-1-97)

ddd. Equalizer is a device which compensates for unequal length or stretch of a rope. (7-1-97)

eee. Exposed is to be capable of being contacted inadvertently. Applied to hazardous objects not adequately guarded or isolated. (7-1-97)

fff. Eye is a loop formed at the end of a rope by securing the dead end to the live end at the base of the loop. (7-1-97)

ggg. Fabric (Metal mesh) is the flexible portion of a metal mesh sling consisting of a series of transverse coils and cross rods. (See Figure 281.02-D.) (7-1-97)

hhh. Fail-Safe is a provision designed to automatically stop or safely control any motion in which a malfunction occurs. (7-1-97)

iii. Female Handle (choker) is a handle with a handle eye and slot of such dimension as to permit passage of a male handle thereby allowing the use of a metal mesh sling in a choker hitch. (See Figure 281.02-E). (7-1-97)

FIGURE 281.02-E

jjj. Fiddle Block is a block consisting of two (2) sheaves in the same plane held in place by the same cheek plates. (7-1-97)

kkk. Floor-Operated Crane is a crane which is pendant or nonconductive rope controlled by an operator on the floor or an independent platform. (7-1-97)

lll. Foot Bearing or Foot Block (Sill Block) is the lower support on which the mast rotates. (7-1-97)

mmm. Footwalk is the walkway with handrail, attached to the bridge or trolley for access purposes. (7-1-97)

nnn. Gantry (A-frame) is a structure frame, extending above the superstructure, to which the boom support ropes are reeved. (7-1-97)

ooo. Gantry Crane is a crane similar to an overhead crane except that the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on two (2) or more legs running on fixed rails or other runway. (7-1-97)

ppp. Gin Pole Derrick is a derrick without a boom. Its guys are so arranged from its top as to permit leaning the mast in any direction. The load is raised and lowered by ropes reeved through sheaves or blocks at the top of the mast. (See Figure 281.02-F.) (7-1-97)

FIGURE 281.02-F

qqq. Gudgeon Pin is a pin connecting the mast cap to the mast allowing rotation of the mast. (7-1-97)

rrr. Guy is a rope used to steady or secure the mast or other member in the desired position. (7-1-97)

sss. Guy Derrick is a fixed derrick consisting of a mast capable of being rotated, supported in a vertical position by guys, and a boom whose bottom end is hinged or pivoted to move in a vertical plane with a reeved rope between the head of the mast and the boom point for raising and lowering the boom, and a reeved rope from the boom point for raising and lowering the load. (See Figure 281.02-G.) (7-1-97)

FIGURE 281.02-G

ttt. Handle is a terminal fitting to which metal mesh fabric is attached. (See Figure 281.02-E). (7-1-97)

uuu. Handle Eye is an opening in a handle of a metal mesh sling shaped to accept a hook, shackle or other lifting device. (See Figure 281.02-E). (7-1-97)

vvv. Hitch is a sling configuration whereby the sling is fastened to an object or load, either directly to it or around it. (7-1-97)

www. Hoist is an apparatus which may be a part of a crane, exerting a force for lifting or lowering. (7-1-97)

xxx. Hoist Chain is the load bearing chain in a hoist. NOTE: Chain properties do not conform to those shown in ANSI B30.9, Safety Code for Slings. (7-1-97)

yyy. Hoist Motion is that motion of a crane which raises and lowers a load. (7-1-97)

zzz. Holding Brake is a brake that automatically prevents motion when power is off. (7-1-97)

aaaa. Hot Metal Handling Crane is an overhead crane used for transporting or pouring molten material. (7-1-97)

bbbb. Jib is an extension attached to the boom point to provide added boom length for lifting specified loads. The jib may be in line with the boom or offset to various angles. (7-1-97)

cccc. Limit Switch is a switch which is operated by some part or motion of a power-driven machine or equipment to alter the electric circuit associated with the machine or equipment. (7-1-97)

dddd. Link is a single ring of a chain. (See Figure 281.02-H). (7-1-97)

FIGURE 281.02-H

eeee. Load is the total superimposed weight on the load block or hook. (7-1-97)

ffff. Load (working) is the external load, in pounds, applied to the crane/derrick, including the weight of load attaching equipment such as load blocks, shackles, and slings. (7-1-97)

gggg. Load Block is the assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope. (7-1-97)

hhhh. Load Block (upper) is the assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended from the boom point. (7-1-97)

iiii. Load Block (lower) is the assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting ropes. (7-1-97)

jjjj. Load Hoist is a hoist drum and rope reeving system used for hoisting and lowering loads. (7-1-97)

kkkk. Load Ratings are crane ratings in pounds established by the manufacturer in accordance with sub-section 281.12.c of this section. (7-1-97)

llll. Magnet is an electromagnetic device carried on a crane hook to pick up loads magnetically. (7-1-97)

mmmm. Main Hoist is the hoist mechanism provided for lifting the maximum rated load. (7-1-97)

nnnn. Main Switch is a switch controlling the entire power supply to the crane. (7-1-97)

oooo. Male Handle (Triangle) means a handle with a handle eye. (See Figure 281.02-E). (7-1-97)

pppp. Man Trolley is a trolley having an operator's cab attached thereto. (7-1-97)

qqqq. Mast is the upright member of the derrick. (7-1-97)

rrrr. Mast Cap (spider) is the fitting at the top of the mast to which the guys are connected. (7-1-97)

ssss. Master Coupling Link is an alloy steel welded coupling link used as an intermediate link to join alloy steel chain to master links. (See Figure 281.02-G). (7-1-97)

tttt. Master Link or Gathering Ring is a forged or welded steel link used to support all members (legs) of an alloy steel chain sling or wire rope sling (See Figure 281.02-G). (7-1-97)

uuuu. Master Switch is a switch which dominates the operation of contractors, relays, or other remotely operated devices. (7-1-97)

vvvv. Mechanical is a method of control by friction. (7-1-97)

wwww. Mechanical Coupling Link is a non-welded, mechanically closed steel link used to attach master links, hooks, etc., to alloy steel chain. (7-1-97)

xxxx. Outriggers are extendable or fixed metal arms, attached to the mounting base, which rests on supports at the outer ends. (7-1-97)

yyyy. Overhead Crane is a crane with a movable bridge carrying a movable or fixed hoisting mechanism and traveling on an overhead fixed runway structure. (7-1-97)

zzzz. Power-Operated Crane is a crane whose mechanism is driven by electric, air, hydraulic, or internal combustion means. (7-1-97)

aaaaa. Proof Load is the load applied in performance of a proof test. (7-1-97)

bbbbb. Proof Test is a nondestructive tension test performed by the sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity to verify construction and workmanship of a sling. (7-1-97)

ccccc. Pulpit-Operated Crane is a crane operated from a fixed operator station not attached to the crane. (7-1-97)

ddddd. Rated Capacity or Working Load Limit is the maximum working load permitted by the provisions of this section. (7-1-97)

eeeee. Rated Load is the maximum load for which a crane or individual hoist is designed and built by the manufacturer and shown on the equipment nameplate(s). (7-1-97)

fffff. Reach is the effective length of an alloy steel chain sling measured from the top bearing surface of the upper terminal component to the bottom bearing surface of the lower terminal component. (7-1-97)

ggggg. Reeving is a rope system in which the rope travels around drums and sheaves. (7-1-97)

hhhhh. Regenerative is a form of dynamic braking in which the electrical energy generated is fed back into the power system. (7-1-97)

iiiii. Remote-Operated Crane is a crane controlled by an operator not in a pulpit or in the cab attached to the crane, by any method other than pendant or rope control. (7-1-97)

jjjjj. Rope refers to wire rope, unless otherwise specified. (7-1-97)

kkkkk. Running Sheave is a sheave which rotates as the load block is raised or lowered. (7-1-97)

lllll. Runway is an assembly of rails, beams, girders, brackets, and framework on which the crane or trolley travels. (7-1-97)

mmmmm. Safety Hook is a hook with a latch to prevent slings or load from accidentally slipping off the hook. (7-1-97)

nnnnn. Selvage Edge is the finished edge of synthetic webbing designed to prevent unraveling. (7-1-97)

ooooo. Semi-gantry Crane is a gantry crane with one end of the bridge rigidly supported on one (1) or more legs that run on a fixed rail or runway, the other end of the bridge being supported by a truck running on an elevated rail or runway. (7-1-97)

ppppp. Shearing Derrick is a derrick without a boom and similar to a breast derrick. The mast, wide at the bottom and narrow at the top, is hinged at the bottom and has its top secured by a multiple reeved guy to permit handling loads at various radii by means of load tackle suspended from the mast top. (7-1-97)

qqqqq. Side Loading is a load applied at an angle to the vertical plane of the boom. (7-1-97)

rrrrr. Side Pull is that portion of the hoist pull acting horizontally when the hoist lines are not operated vertically. (7-1-97)

sssss. Sill is a member connecting the foot block and stiff-leg or a member connecting the lower ends of a double member mast. (7-1-97)

ttttt. Sling is an assembly which connects the load to the material handling equipment. (7-1-97)

uuuuu. Sling Manufacturer is a person or organization that assembles sling components into their final form for sale to users. (7-1-97)

vvvvv. Spiral is a single transverse coil that is the basic element from which metal mesh is fabricated. (See Figure 281.02-D). (7-1-97)

wwwww. Span is the horizontal distance center to center of runway rails. (7-1-97)

xxxxx. Standby Derrick is a derrick not in regular service which is used occasionally or intermittently as required. (7-1-97)

yyyyy. Standby Crane is a crane which is not in regular service but which is used occasionally or intermittently as required. (7-1-97)

zzzzz. Standing (Guy) Rope is a supporting rope which maintains a constant distance between the points of attachment to the two (2) components connected by the rope. (7-1-97)

aaaaaa. Stiff Leg Derrick is a derrick similar to a guy derrick except that the mast is supported or held in place by two (2) or more stiff members, called stiff-legs, which are capable of resisting either tensile or compressive forces. Sills are generally provided to connect the lower ends of the stiff-legs to the foot of the mast. (See Figure 281.02-I.) (7-1-97)

FIGURE 281.02-I

bbbbbb. Still Leg is a rigid member supporting the mast at the head. (7-1-97)

cccccc. Structural Competence is the ability of the machine and its components to withstand the stresses imposed by applied loads. (7-1-97)

dddddd. Stop is a device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy absorbing ability. (7-1-97)

eeeeee. Storage Bridge Crane is a gantry type crane of long span usually used for bulk storage of material; the bridge girders or trusses are rigidly or non-rigidly supported on one or more legs. It may have one or more fixed or hinged cantilever ends. (7-1-97)

ffffff. Strand Laid Endless Sling Mechanical Joint is a wire rope sling made endless from one length or rope with the ends joined by one or more metallic fittings. (7-1-97)

gggggg. Strand Laid Grommet-hand Tucked is an endless wire rope sling made from one length of strand wrapped six times around a core formed by hand tucking the ends of the strand inside the six (6) wraps. (7-1-97)

hhhhhh. Strand Laid Rope is a wire rope made with strands (usually six (6) or eight (8)) wrapped around a fiber core, wire strand core, or independent wire rope core (IWRC). (7-1-97)

iiiiii. Superstructure is the rotating upper frame structure of the machine and the operating machinery mounted thereon. (7-1-97)

jjjjjj. Swing is the rotation of the superstructure for movement of loads in a horizontal direction about the axis of rotation. (7-1-97)

kkkkkk. Swing Mechanism is the machinery involved in providing rotation of the superstructure. (7-1-97)

llllll. Switch is a device for making, breaking, or for changing the connections in an electric circuit. (7-1-97)

mmmmmm. Tackle is an assembly of ropes and sheaves arranged for hoisting and pulling. (7-1-97)

nnnnnn. Transit is the moving or transporting of a crane from one job site to another. (7-1-97)

oooooo. Travel is the functions of the machine moving from one location to another, on a job site. (7-1-97)

pppppp. Travel Mechanism is the machinery involved in providing travel. (7-1-97)

qqqqqq. Trolley is the unit which travels on the bridge rails and carries the hoisting mechanism. (7-1-97)

rrrrrr. Trolley Travel is the trolley movement at right angles to the crane runway. (7-1-97)

ssssss. Trolley Truck is the unit consisting of a frame, wheels, bearings, and axles which supports the bridge girders or trolleys. (7-1-97)

tttttt. Truck Crane consists of a rotating superstructure with power plant, operating machinery and boom, mounted on an automotive truck equipped with a power plant for travel. Its function is to hoist and swing loads at various radii. (7-1-97)

uuuuuu. Vertical Hitch is a method of supporting a load by a single, vertical part or leg of the sling. (7-1-97)

vvvvvv. Wall Crane is a crane having a jib with or without trolley and supported from a side wall or line of columns of a building. It is a traveling type and operates on a runway attached to the side wall of columns. (7-1-97)

wwwwww. Wheelbase is the distance between centers of front and rear axles. For a multiple axle assembly the axle center for wheelbase measurement is taken as the mid-point of the assembly. (7-1-97)

xxxxxx. Wheel Mounted Crane (Wagon Crane) consists of a rotating superstructure with power plant, operating machinery and boom, mounted on a base or platform equipped with axles and rubber-tired wheels for travel. The base is usually propelled by the engine in the superstructure, but it may be equipped with a separate engine controlled from the superstructure. Its function is to hoist and swing loads at various radii. (7-1-97)

yyyyyy. Whipline (auxiliary hoist) is a separate hoist rope system of lighter load capacity and higher speed than provided by the main hoist. (7-1-97)

zzzzzz. Winch Head is a power driven spool for handling of loads by means of friction between fiber or wire rope and spool. (7-1-97)

03. General Requirements: (7-1-97)

a. Storage of material shall not create a hazard. Bags, containers, bundles, etc., stored in tiers shall be stacked, blocked, interlocked and limited in height so that they are stable and secure against sliding or collapse. (7-1-97)

b. Storage areas shall be kept free from accumulation of materials that constitute hazards from tripping, fire, explosion, or pest harborage. Vegetation control will be exercised when necessary. (7-1-97)

c. Proper drainage shall be provided. (7-1-97)

d. Clearance signs to warn of clearance limits shall be provided. (7-1-97)

e. Fire aisles, access to stairways, and fire equipment shall be kept clear. (7-1-97)

f. Cranes may be modified and re-rated provided such modifications and the supporting structure are checked thoroughly for the new rated load by a qualified engineer or the equipment manufacturer. The crane shall be tested in accordance with sub-section 281.06. of this section. New rated load shall be displayed in accordance with sub-section 281.03.b. of this section. (7-1-97)

g. The rated load of the crane shall be plainly marked on each side of the crane, and if the crane has more than one hoisting unit, each hoist shall have its rated load marked on it or its load block and this marking shall be clearly legible from the ground or floor. (7-1-97)

h. Minimum clearance of three (3) inches overhead and two (2) inches laterally shall be provided and maintained between crane and obstructions in conformity with Specification No. 61, Crane Manufacturers Association of America, Inc., Thomas Circle N. W., Washington, D. C. 20005. (7-1-97)

i. Where passageways or walkways are provided obstructions shall not be placed so that safety of personnel will be jeopardized by movements of the crane. An unobstructed aisle not less than three feet wide shall be maintained for travel of the operator except in such cases where the control handles are hung from the trolleys of traveling cranes. (7-1-97)

j. If the runways of two (2) cranes are parallel and there are no intervening walls, of structure, there shall be adequate clearance provided and maintained between the two (2) bridges. (7-1-97)

k. Only designated trained personnel shall be permitted to operate a crane covered by this section. (7-1-97)

l. The handles of control ropes shall be distinctly different in contour so that, without looking, the operator will know which is the hoisting and which is the lowering handle. The direction of all movements of the crane shall be clearly indicated in some manner so that the operator can easily become familiar with them. (7-1-97)

m. The general arrangement of the cab and the location of control and protective equipment shall be such that all operating handles are within convenient reach of the operator when facing the area to be served by the load hook, or while facing the direction of travel of the cab. The arrangement shall allow the operator a full view of the load hook in all positions. (7-1-97)

n. The cab shall be located to afford a minimum of three (3) inches clearance from all fixed structures within its area of possible movement. (7-1-97)

o. The clearance of the cab above the working floor or passageway shall be not less than seven (7) feet. (7-1-97)

p. Access to the cab and/or bridge walkway of a crane shall be by a conveniently placed fixed ladder, stairs, or platform, requiring no step over any gap exceeding twelve (12) inches. Fixed ladders shall be in conformance with the American National Standard Safety Code for Fixed Ladders, ANSI A14.3. The employer shall insure that hands are free from encumbrances while personnel are using ladders. Articles which are too large to be carried in pockets or belts shall be lifted and lowered by hand line. (7-1-97)

q. A carbon dioxide, dry-chemical, or equivalent hand fire extinguisher shall be kept in the crane cab. The employer shall insure that operators are familiar with the operation and care of fire extinguishers provided. (7-1-97)

r. There shall be a light in the crane cab that is sufficient to enable the operator to see clearly enough to perform his work. (7-1-97)

s. If sufficient headroom is available on cab-operated cranes, a footwalk shall be provided on the drive side along the entire length of the bridge of all cranes having the trolley running on the top of the girders. To give sufficient access to the opposite side of the trolley, there shall be provided either a footwalk mounted on the trolley, a suitable footwalk or platform in the building, or a footwalk on the opposite side of the crane at least twice the length of the trolley. (7-1-97)

t. Footwalks shall be located to give a headroom not less than seventy-eight (78) inches. In no case shall head room be less than forty-eight (48) inches. Footwalks shall be of rigid construction and designed to sustain a distributed load of at least fifty (50) pounds per square foot. Footwalks shall have an anti-slip walking surface. NOTE: Wood will meet this requirement. Footwalks shall be continuous and permanently secured. Footwalks shall have a clear passageway at least eighteen (18) inches wide except opposite the bridge motor, where they shall be not less than fifteen (15) inches. The inner edge shall extend at least to the line of the outside edge of the lower cover plate or flange of the girder. (7-1-97)

u. Toe boards and handrails shall be in compliance with sub-section 070.16. of this standard. (7-1-97)

v. Where required cranes shall be provided with ladders or stairways extending from the ground to the footwalk or cab platform. Stairways shall be equipped with rigid and substantial metal handrails. Walking surfaces shall be of an anti-slip type. Ladders and stairways shall be permanently and securely fastened in place and shall be constructed in compliance with sub-sections 071 and 072 of this standard. (7-1-97)

w. Trolley stops shall be provided at the limits of travel of the trolley. Stops shall be fastened to resist forces applied when contacted. A stop engaging the tread of the wheel shall be of a height at least equal to the radius of the wheel. (7-1-97)

x. Traveling cranes shall be provided with bumpers or other automatic means providing equivalent effect, unless the crane travels at a slow rate of speed and has a faster deceleration rate due to the use of sleeve bearings, or is not operated near the ends of bridge and trolley travel, or is restricted to a limited distance by the nature of the crane operation and there is no hazard of striking any object in this limited distance or is used in similar operating conditions. The bumpers shall be capable of stopping the crane (not including the lifted load) at an average rate of deceleration not to exceed three (3) feet/second/second when traveling in either direction at twenty (20) percent of the rated load speed. The bumpers shall have sufficient energy absorbing capacity to stop the crane when traveling at a speed of at least forty (40) percent of rated load speed. The bumpers shall be so mounted that there is no direct shear on bolts. Bumpers shall be so designed and installed as to minimize parts falling from the crane in case of breakage. (7-1-97)

y. A trolley shall be provided with bumpers or other automatic means of equivalent effect, unless the trolley travels at a slow rate of speed, or is not operated near the ends of the bridge and trolley travel, or is restricted to a limited distance of the runway and there is no hazard of striking any object in this limited distance, or is used in similar operating conditions. The bumpers shall be capable of stopping the trolley (not including the lifted load) at an average rate of deceleration not to exceed four-point-seven (4.7) feet/second/second when traveling in either direction at one-third (1/3) of the rated load speed. When more than one (1) trolley is operated on the same bridge, each shall be equipped with bumpers or equivalent on their adjacent ends. Bumpers or equivalent shall be designed and installed to minimize parts falling from the trolley in case of age. (7-1-97)

z. Bridge trucks shall be equipped with sweeps which extend below the top of the rail and project in front of the truck wheels. (7-1-97)

aa. If hoisting ropes that run near enough to other parts to make fouling or chafing possible, shall have guards installed to prevent this condition. A guard shall be provided to prevent contact between bridge conductors and hoisting ropes. (7-1-97)

bb. Exposed moving parts such as gears, set screws, projecting keys, chains, chain sprockets, and reciprocating components which might constitute a hazard under normal conditions shall be guarded. Guards shall be securely fastened. Each guard shall be capable of supporting without permanent distortion the weight of a two-hundred (200) pound person unless the guard is located where it is impossible for a person to step on it. (7-1-97)

cc. Each independent hoisting unit of a crane shall be equipped with at least one (1) self-setting brake, hereafter referred to as a holding brake, applied directly to motor shaft or some part of the gear train. Holding brakes for hoist motors shall have not less than the following percentage of the full load hoisting torque at the point where the brake is applied: (7-1-97)

i. One-hundred-twenty-five (125) percent when used with a control braking means other than mechanical; (7-1-97)

ii. One-hundred (100) percent when used in conjunction with a mechanical control braking means; (7-1-97)

iii. Or one-hundred (100) percent each if two (2) holding brakes are provided; (7-1-97)

iv. Holding brakes on hoists shall have ample thermal capacity for the frequency of operation required by the service. Holding brakes on hoists shall be applied automatically when power is removed. Where necessary, holding brakes shall be provided with adjustment means to compensate for wear. The wearing surface of all holding-brake drums or discs shall be smooth. Each independent hoisting unit of a crane handling hot metal and having power control braking means shall be equipped with at least two holding brakes. (7-1-97)

dd. Each independent hoisting unit of a crane, except worm-geared hoists, the angle of whose worm is such as to prevent the load from accelerating in the lowering direction shall, in addition to a holding brake, be equipped with control braking means to prevent over speeding. A power control braking means such as regenerative dynamic or Counter torque braking, or a mechanically controlled braking means shall be capable of maintaining safe lowering speeds of rated loads. The control braking means shall have ample thermal capacity for the frequency of operation required by service. (7-1-97)

ee. Foot operated brakes for trolleys and bridges shall not require an applied force of more than seventy (70) pounds to develop manufacturer's rated brake torque. Brakes may be applied by mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, or gravity means. Where necessary, brakes shall be provided with adjustment means to compensate for wear. The wearing surface of all brake drums or discs shall be smooth. All foot-brake pedals shall be constructed so that the operator's foot will not easily slip off the pedal. Foot-operated brakes shall be equipped with automatic means for positive release when pressure is released from the pedal. Brakes for stopping the motion of the trolley or bridge shall be of sufficient size to stop the trolley or bridge within a distance in feet equal to ten (10) percent of full load speed in feet per minute when traveling at full speed with full load. If holding brakes are provided on the bridge or trolley(s), they shall not prohibit the use of a drift point in the control circuit. Brakes on trolleys and bridges shall have ample thermal capacity for the frequency of operation required by the service to prevent impairment of functions from overheating. (7-1-97)

ff. On cab-operated cranes with cab on trolley, a trolley brake shall be required as specified under sub-section 281.03.z. of this section. A drag brake may be applied to hold the trolley in a desired position on the bridge and to eliminate creep with the power off. (7-1-97)

gg. On cab-operated cranes with cab on bridge, a bridge brake is required as specified under sub-section 281.03.z. of this section. On cab-operated cranes with cab on trolley, a bridge brake of the holding type shall be required. On all floor, remote, and pulpit-operated crane bridge drives, a brake or non-coasting mechanical drive shall be provided. (7-1-97)

hh. Wiring and equipment shall comply with section 150 of this standard and the National Electrical Code. The control circuit voltage shall not exceed six-hundred (600) volts for a.c. or d.c. current. The voltage at pendant push buttons shall not exceed one-hundred-fifty (150) volts for a.c. and three-hundred (300) volts for d.c. Where multiple conductor cable is used with a suspended push button station, the station shall be supported in a manner that will protect the electrical conductors against strain. Pendant control boxes shall be constructed to prevent electrical shock and shall be clearly marked for identification of functions. (7-1-97)

ii. Electrical equipment shall be so located or enclosed that live parts will not be exposed to accidental contact under normal operating conditions. Electric equipment shall be protected from dirt, grease, oil, and moisture. Guards for live parts shall be substantial and so located that they cannot be accidentally deformed so as to make contact with the live parts. (7-1-97)

jj. Cranes not equipped with spring-return controllers or momentary contact push buttons shall be provided with a device which will disconnect all motors from the line on failure of power and will not permit any motor to be restarted until the controller handle is brought to the "OFF" position, or a reset switch or button is operated. (7-1-97)

kk. Lever operated controllers shall be provided with a notch or latch which in the "OFF" position prevents the handle from being inadvertently moved to the "ON" position. An off detent or spring return arrangement is acceptable. (7-1-97)

ll. The controller operating handle shall be located within convenient reach of the operator. (7-1-97)

mm. As far as practicable, the movement of each controller handle shall be in the same general directions as the resultant movements of the load. (7-1-97)

nn. The control for the bridge and trolley travel shall be so located that the operator can readily face the direction of travel. (7-1-97)

oo. For floor-operated cranes, the controller or controllers if rope operated, shall automatically return to the "OFF" position when released by the operator. (7-1-97)

pp. Push buttons in pendant stations shall return to the "OFF" position when pressure is released by the crane operator. (7-1-97)

qq. Automatic cranes shall be so designated that all motions shall fail-safe if any malfunction of operation occurs. (7-1-97)

rr. Remote-operated cranes shall function so that if the control signal for any crane motion becomes ineffective, the crane motion shall stop. (7-1-97)

ss. Enclosures for resistors shall have openings to provide adequate ventilation, and shall be installed to prevent the accumulation of combustible matter near hot parts. Resistor units shall be supported so as to be free as possible from vibration. Provision shall be made to prevent broken resistor parts or molten metal falling upon the operator or from the crane. (7-1-97)

tt. The power supply to the runway conductors shall be controlled by a switch or circuit breaker located on a fixed structure, accessible from the floor, and arranged to be locked in the open position. On cab-operated cranes, a switch or circuit breaker of the enclosed type with provision for locking in the open position shall be provided in the leads from the runway conductors. A means of opening this switch or circuit breaker shall be located within easy reach of the operator. On floor-operated cranes, a switch or circuit breaker of the enclosed type, with provision for locking in the open position, shall be provided in the leads from the runway conductors. This disconnect shall be mounted on the bridge or footwalk near the runway collectors. One (1) of the following types of floor operated disconnects shall be provided: nonconductive rope attached to the main disconnect switch; an under-voltage trip for the main circuit breaker operated by an emergency stop button in the pendant push button station; or a main line contactor operated by a switch or push button on the pendant push button station. (7-1-97)

uu. The hoisting motion of all electric traveling cranes shall be provided with an over-travel limit switch in the hoisting direction. (7-1-97)

vv. All cranes using a lifting magnet shall have a magnet circuit switch of the enclosed type with provision for locking in the open position. Means for discharging the inductive load of the magnet shall be provided. (7-1-97)

ww. Conductors of the open type mounted on the crane runway beams or overhead shall be so located or so guarded that persons entering or leaving the cab or crane footwalk normally could not come into contact with them. (7-1-97)

xx. If a service receptacle is provided in the cab or on the bridge of cab-operated cranes, it shall be a grounded three (3) prong type permanent receptacle, not exceeding three-hundred (300) volts. (7-1-97)

yy. When repairing runways, repairmen shall place rail stops and warning signs or signals so as to protect both ends of the section to be repaired. Repairmen shall take care to prevent loose parts from falling or being thrown upon the floor beneath. (7-1-97)

04. Rigging: (7-1-97)

a. Whenever used in connection with work, employment, occupations or uses to which these standards are applicable, wire rope shall not be subjected to loads in excess of one-fifth (1/5) the breaking load as given in the schedule of the cable manufacturer. Except as required in Standard for Material Hoists. (7-1-97)

b. When cables deteriorate through rust, wear, broken wires, undue strain or other conditions to the extent of fifteen (15) percent of their original strength, use of cables shall be discontinued. (7-1-97)

c. The strap or steel ribbon type of cable shall not be used in the suspension of scaffolding. (7-1-97)

d. There shall be not less than monthly inspection of all wire rope in use, and all wire rope must be inspected before put into use. (7-1-97)

e. The following methods of fastening and attaching wire rope shall be adhered to. The end of wire rope to be set into socket fittings held securely with molten babbitt or zinc (not lead). The wires of the cable shall be frayed out and each wire bent toward the outside of socket, so that the end of each wire projects well into the depth of the socket. This method of fastening cables should be left in the hands of an experienced workman in this kind of work. Thimbles spliced into rope and the splice securely wrapped. Thimbles inserted and held in place by at least a three bolt clamp or three (3) U-bolt clips. Clamps shall be of standard size for the sizes of the cable in use. For temporary work, by passing rope at least twice around large objects such as a post, avoiding sharp points and carrying the end back several feet and securing it by clamps, clips or lashing to the cable. (7-1-97)

f. Whenever hemp rope is used, it shall be first grade long fiber Manila hemp rope. Rope shall not be used to support loads in excess of the rating for hemp and Manila rope. Supporting ropes shall be double lashed at each point of suspension. Where supporting ropes are brought over sharp corners of steel, stone, or other material liable to cut the rope, or are in any other way subject to abrasion, they shall be protected at such points by the use of bagging, wooden blocks, or other protective padding. Rope knots shall have their loose and free ends lashed to the standing part in order to prevent their becoming untied. All ropes shall be inspected before use. Rope badly frayed, rotted, exposed to the action of acid or caustic, or otherwise defective and unsafe, shall be condemned and destroyed to avoid all possibility of future use by mistake. (7-1-97)

g. A thorough inspection of all ropes shall be made at least once a month and a full written, dated, and signed report of rope condition kept on file where readily available to appointed personnel. Any deterioration, resulting in appreciable loss of original strength, such as described below, shall be carefully noted and determination made as to whether further use of the rope would constitute a safety hazard: (7-1-97)

i. Reduction of rope diameter below nominal diameter due to loss of core support, internal of external corrosion, or wear of outside wires; (7-1-97)

ii. A number of broken outside wires and the degree of distribution or concentration of such broken wires; (7-1-97)

iii. Worn outside wires, corroded or broken wires at end connections; corroded, cracked, bent, worn, or improperly applied end connections; (7-1-97)

iv. And severe kinking, crushing, cutting, or un-stranding. (7-1-97)

v. Heavy wear and/or broken wires may occur in sections in contact with equalizer sheaves or other sheaves where rope travel is limited or with saddles. Particular care shall be taken to inspect ropes at these locations. Particular care shall be taken in the inspection of non rotating rope. (7-1-97)

h. All rope which has been idle for a period of a month or more due to shutdown or storage of a crane on which it is installed shall be given a thorough inspection before it is placed in service. This inspection shall be for all types of deterioration and shall be performed by an appointed person whose approval shall be required for further use of the rope. A written and dated report of the rope condition shall be available for inspection. (7-1-97)

i. All rope slings shall be inspected thoroughly and regularly at intervals of not more than one month, and when not in use, shall be stored in a dry place. Rope slings shall be protected with pads or blocks when wrapped around sharp edges of structural shapes casting, etc. Slings shall not be used in single strand slip-noose form. Hemp rope shall not be used as slings for handling objects contaminated with acid. Hand ropes (guide ropes) shall not be attached to slings but to hoisting tackle, or (only when necessary) attached to the object handled. All slings shall be of sufficient strength for handling the imposed loads. Double slings shall be used on all horizontal loads over twelve (12) feet in length, and the distance between the points where slings are attached shall be sufficient to prevent the load from tipping up endwise. Spreaders shall be used where there is a danger of sling ends or hitches slipping together. Defective and unsafe slings shall be destroyed in order to avoid the possibility of their being used by mistake. (7-1-97)

j. Guy wires and ropes shall be of sufficient strength to carry the load imposed upon them and shall be securely fastened in place. (7-1-97)

k. Wherever rope is permanently fastened by a single wrap to a metal object less in diameter or shortest measurement than three (3) times the diameter of the rope, a galvanized thimble (of size intended for the rope) shall be inserted between the object and the loop of the rope. (7-1-97)

l. Blocks and falls shall be carefully inspected before being used. Blocks shall be of substantial construction and maintained in good condition while in use. Blocks shall fit the sizes of ropes they carry and shall not chafe or abrade the ropes running through them. (7-1-97)

m. If at any time, any three (3) foot length of chain is found to have stretched one-third (1/3) the length of a link, it shall be discarded. The practice of placing bolts or nails between two (2) links to shorten chains is prohibited. Splicing broken chains by inserting a bolt between two links with the heads of the bolt and the nut sustaining the load, or passing one link through another and inserting a bolt or nail to hold it, is prohibited. Wherever annealing of chains is attempted, it shall be done in properly equipped annealing furnaces and under the direct supervision of a competent person thoroughly versed in heat treating. (7-1-97)

n. Cables shall be periodically inspected. A copy of the report of the inspections of each running cable shall be filed in a place readily accessible to the Department, or authorized representative. (7-1-97)

o. Whenever any sling is used, the following practices shall be observed: (7-1-97)

i. Sings that are damaged or defective shall not be used; (7-1-97)

ii. Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices; (7-1-97)

iii. Sling legs shall not be kinked; (7-1-97)

iv. Slings shall not be loaded in excess of their rated capacities; (7-1-97)

v. Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the loads balanced to prevent slippage; (7-1-97)

vi. Slings shall be securely attached to their loads; (7-1-97)

vii. Sings shall be padded or protected from the sharp edges of their loads; (7-1-97)

viii. And suspended loads shall be kept clear of all obstructions. (7-1-97)

ix. All employees shall be kept clear of loads about to be lifted and of suspended loads. (7-1-97)

x. Hands or fingers shall not be placed between the sling and its load while the sling is being tightened around the load. (7-1-97)

xi. Shock loading is prohibited. (7-1-97)

xii. A sling shall not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling. (7-1-97)

p. Each day before being used, the sling and all fastenings and attachments shall be inspected for damage or defects by a competent person designated by the employer. Additional inspections shall be performed during sling use, where service conditions warrant. Damaged or defective slings shall be immediately removed from service. (7-1-97)

q. Alloy steel chain slings shall have permanently affixed durable identification stating size, grade, rated capacity and reach. Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear-shaped links, welded or mechanical coupling links or other attachments shall have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the alloy steel chain with which they are used or the sling shall not be used in excess of the rated capacity of the weakest component. Makeshift links or fasteners formed from bolts or rods, or other such attachments, shall not be used. A thorough periodic inspection of alloy steel chain slings in use shall be made on a regular basis, to be determined on the basis of: frequency of sling use; severity of service conditions; nature of lifts being made; and experience gained on the service life of slings used in similar circumstances. Such inspections shall in no event be at intervals greater than once every twelve (12) months. The employer shall make and maintain a record of the most recent month in which each alloy steel chain sling was thoroughly inspected, and shall make such record available for examination by the Department. The thorough inspection of alloy steel chain slings shall be performed by a competent person designated by the employer, and shall include a thorough inspection for wear, defective welds, deformation and increase in length. Where such defects or deterioration are present, the sling shall be immediately removed from service. The employer shall ensure that before use, each new, repaired, or reconditioned alloy steel chain sling, including all welded components in the sling assembly, shall be proof tested by the sling manufacturer or equivalent entity, in accordance with Paragraph 5.2 of the American Society of Testing and Materials Specification A391-65 (ANSI G61.1). The employer shall retain a certificate of proof test and shall make it available for examination by the Department. Alloy steel chain slings shall not be used with loads in excess of the rated capacities prescribed in Table 281.04-A. Slings not included in this table shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Alloy steel chain slings shall be permanently removed from service if they are heated above one-thousand (1000) degrees Fahrenheit. When exposed to service temperatures in excess of six-hundred (600) degrees Fahrenheit maximum working load limits permitted in Table 281.04-A shall be reduced in accordance with the chain or sling manufacturer's recommendations. Worn or damaged alloy steel chain slings or attachments shall not be used until repaired. When welding or heat testing is performed, slings shall not be used unless repaired, reconditioned, and proof tested by the sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity. Mechanical coupling links or low carbon steel repair links shall not be used to repair broken lengths of chain. If the chain size at any point of any links is less than that stated in Table 281.04-B, the sling shall be removed from service. Alloy steel chain sling with cracked or deformed master links, coupling links or other components shall be removed from service. Slings shall be removed from service if hooks are cracked, have been opened more than fifteen (15) percent of the normal throat opening measured at the narrowest point or twisted more than ten (10) degrees from the plane of the unbent hook. (7-1-97)